The socio-psychological dynamics of physical disability pdf Carbon

the socio-psychological dynamics of physical disability pdf

The Social Construction of Disability 1. Definitions of Disability. The definition of disability is highly contentious for several reasons. First, it is only in the past century that the term “disability” has been used to refer to a distinct class of people.

Biopsychosocial model an overview ScienceDirect Topics

Disability in Childhood. Information about Disability in. 1. Definitions of Disability. The definition of disability is highly contentious for several reasons. First, it is only in the past century that the term “disability” has been used to refer to a distinct class of people., An understanding of the impact of family dynamics on a young person's self-perception may help workers pinpoint and respond to the driving forces behind a young person's current needs. 1. Exploring family dynamics with a young person helps you to understand their behaviour and difficulties in context and enables more effective interventions..

The Intersection of Gender and Disability Dynamics Elaine M. Blinde andSarah G. McCallister This study exploresthe often overlookedexperiencesofwomen with physical disabilities in the sport andphysicalfitness activity domain. Interviews with 16 women with a physical disability (age range of19-54years) revealed thefollowing majorthemes: (a) participation in fitness-related as opposedto … Disability Within the African Culture Eskay M., Onu V. C., Igbo J. N., Obiyo N., Ugwuanyi L. UNN (University of Nigeria, Nsukka), Nsukka, Nigeria For a long time, children with special needs were educated along with other regular children in schools. The notion of special education was a Western phenomenon and concept in Nigeria. How were children with special needs educated without special

with mental and physical pathology and disability. As modern practitioners in an academic and As modern practitioners in an academic and practical training environment we want to add to the development of LMA applications – in this An understanding of the impact of family dynamics on a young person's self-perception may help workers pinpoint and respond to the driving forces behind a young person's current needs. 1. Exploring family dynamics with a young person helps you to understand their behaviour and difficulties in context and enables more effective interventions.

A sensory disability is a disability of the senses (e.g. sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste). As 95% of the information about the world around us comes from our sight and hearing, a sensory disability can affect how a person gathers information from the world around them. Further, SES is a consistent and reliable predictor of a vast array of outcomes across the life span, including physical and psychological health. Thus, SES is relevant to all realms of behavioral and social science, including research, practice, education and advocacy.

The increased hardship and reduced social support reported by young people with disabilities is particularly problematic given that mental health has been linked with both social support [e.g. 26, 38, 66] and socio-economic status [e.g. 24, 25, 27, 55]. Disability Within the African Culture Eskay M., Onu V. C., Igbo J. N., Obiyo N., Ugwuanyi L. UNN (University of Nigeria, Nsukka), Nsukka, Nigeria For a long time, children with special needs were educated along with other regular children in schools. The notion of special education was a Western phenomenon and concept in Nigeria. How were children with special needs educated without special

The Psychological and social impact of physical disability. Robert P. Marinelli, Arthur E. Dell Orto. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1984 - Social Science - 399 pages. 0 Reviews. From inside the book . What people are saying - Write a review. We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. Understanding the Dynamics of Decision-making and Choice: A scoping study of key psychosocial theories to inform the design and analysis of the Panel Study Abstract At the heart of SPRU’s DH-funded programme of research is a qualitative longitudinal Panel Study that aims to examine the choices that older people, disabled young people, disabled adults and their carers make about their

(social security insurance), SSDI (social security disability insurance), or a pension due to a disability" (Pfeiffer, 1999, p. 392). Emotionally Focused Therapy. Different disabilities are often grouped in categories such as intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, sensory and speech disabilities, acquired brain injury or physical disabilities. Having a disability places limits on the things that children can do.

The Dynamics of Disability: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10411. × Save. Cancel. 3 Conceptual Issues in Defining Work Disability 1. This chapter discusses the meaning of the term “disability” and the relationship between the generic concept of disability and the term “work disability.” The meaning assigned to these terms depends on the uses to be made of the concepts Family dynamics of people with physical disability Joyce L. C. Ma, Ph.D., R. S. W., Clinical Fellow And Approved Supervisor, AAMFT Professor Department of Social Work The Chinese University of Hong Kong . Objectives To explore the relationship between a person with a physical disability and the family To examine how social services and resources affect the family dynamics To reflect how

factors comprise the physical, social and attitudinal environments in which people live and conduct their lives, and personal factors include gender, race, age, fitness, lifestyle, habits, upbringing, coping styles, social background, education, profession and a variety of other devastating impacts including far-reaching physical, social and psychological consequences. Research on the psychological impact following the sudden onset of SCI has shown that many will develop severe negative emotions in response to the injury which could threaten both psychological and social integration. In the past 10 years substantial attention has been focussed on the dynamics …

Social Determinants of Health: How Social and Economic Factors Affect Health 3 While the previous scenario is fictional, unfortunately it is all too plausible. The Psychological and social impact of physical disability. Robert P. Marinelli, Arthur E. Dell Orto. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1984 - Social Science - 399 pages. 0 Reviews. From inside the book . What people are saying - Write a review. We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.

Module 1: Family Dynamics and Health. Family dynamics significantly impact health in both positive and negative ways. Having a close-knit and supportive family provides emotional support, economic well-being, and increases overall health. Disability is seen as a form of social oppression that is institutionalised in Western society, whereas impairment is nothing more than a description of physical, sensory or mental difference.

18/08/2010В В· Background. The prevalence and correlates of physical disability and functional limitation among older people have been studied in many developed countries but not in a middle income country such as Malaysia. Disability is seen as a form of social oppression that is institutionalised in Western society, whereas impairment is nothing more than a description of physical, sensory or mental difference.

Mental Health Psychosocial Risk Factors in the Workplace

the socio-psychological dynamics of physical disability pdf

Module 1 Family Dynamics and Health Unite For Sight. Physical disabilities vary widely, but all have the effect of putting limitations on the person with the disability. Some may not be able to tie a shoe. Others may not be able to reach down to even put on the shoe, but may learn to do so do by using special dressing aids. Still others are limited to the point of needing assistance with the most basic of human needs., 1. Definitions of Disability. The definition of disability is highly contentious for several reasons. First, it is only in the past century that the term “disability” has been used to refer to a distinct class of people..

Double Jeopardy The Psycho-Educational Effects of Absent

the socio-psychological dynamics of physical disability pdf

Women Disability and Sport and Physical Fitness Activity. Disability Within the African Culture Eskay M., Onu V. C., Igbo J. N., Obiyo N., Ugwuanyi L. UNN (University of Nigeria, Nsukka), Nsukka, Nigeria For a long time, children with special needs were educated along with other regular children in schools. The notion of special education was a Western phenomenon and concept in Nigeria. How were children with special needs educated without special Methods. The databases PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus were searched for relevant studies published between 1995 and 2016. Data was extracted on study and participants’ characteristics, independent and dependent variables, used measures and effects sizes of associations between social relationships and mental health or wellbeing..

the socio-psychological dynamics of physical disability pdf

  • The Social Psychology of Physical Disability Barker
  • Disability Inclusion Topic Guide GSDRC
  • Dynamics of Disability and Work in Canada
  • The Dynamics of Disability and Social Inclusion

  • The Socio-psychological Dynamics of Physical Disability : A Review of the Adlerian Concept (pages 39–54) Rudolf Dreikurs Version of Record online: 14 APR 2010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1948.tb01517.x youthmh.pdf The numbers increase when those referred to as at risk are included. Research suggests, however, that there are a considerable number of false positive misdiagnoses (i.e., the labeling of youngsters who do not have true disabilities/ disorders). What is clear is that schools can accomplish their goal of teaching only when they have addressed the psychosocial problems that interfere

    Physical disability. There are many physical disabilities that can affect children, such as delayed walking, deafness or visual impairment. Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common physical disability in childhood. Approximately 2 per 1,000 infants in developed countries are born with the condition. The Dynamics of Disability and Social Inclusionis a joint venture of the Equality Authority and the National Disability Authority.It reflects the benefits that can flow where shared objectives are advanced through pooling resources and expertise.It builds on previous joint work which was

    However much nuance is added by disability studies’ exploration of, and debate over, the various social and psychological factors that motivate disability prejudice, the unified theory of prejudice continues to unduly influence the ways that courts interpret laws and other international instruments. 12/08/2015 · The dynamics of abuse refers to the forces or motivations behind the act of abuse and the way in which indicators may be observed or determined at a later time. Describe how the dynamics of abuse may applied to the following groups of children (question is worded this was)

    An impairment or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function; a disability is any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being; a handicap is a disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or a disability, that prevents the Module 1: Family Dynamics and Health. Family dynamics significantly impact health in both positive and negative ways. Having a close-knit and supportive family provides emotional support, economic well-being, and increases overall health.

    The psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function. The psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function.

    Psychiatric Disabilities Psychiatric disabilities cover a wide range of conditions, including eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, and other psychiatric conditions. The legacy of defectology, Vygotsky’s theoretical work on children with disabilities, still offers a useful approach in disability research. Vygotsky understood disability as an incongruence between the individual’s psychological structure and the structure of cultural forms. The incongruence

    1. Definitions of Disability. The definition of disability is highly contentious for several reasons. First, it is only in the past century that the term “disability” has been used to refer to a distinct class of people. factors comprise the physical, social and attitudinal environments in which people live and conduct their lives, and personal factors include gender, race, age, fitness, lifestyle, habits, upbringing, coping styles, social background, education, profession and a variety of other

    Abuse of persons with disabilities is a serious problem, but there is help and hope. Abuse of Persons with Disabilities physical abuse, psychological abuse, criminal harassment/stalking, verbal abuse, sexual abuse, financial abuse, and spiritual abuse.1. 2 What is family violence? Family violence is the abuse of power within relationships of family, trust or dependency that endangers the An understanding of the impact of family dynamics on a young person's self-perception may help workers pinpoint and respond to the driving forces behind a young person's current needs. 1. Exploring family dynamics with a young person helps you to understand their behaviour and difficulties in context and enables more effective interventions.

    Physical frailty, disability, and dynamics in health perceptions: A preliminary mediation model Article (PDF Available) in Clinical Interventions in Aging 2016(11):275-278 · March 2016 with 36 Reads devastating impacts including far-reaching physical, social and psychological consequences. Research on the psychological impact following the sudden onset of SCI has shown that many will develop severe negative emotions in response to the injury which could threaten both psychological and social integration. In the past 10 years substantial attention has been focussed on the dynamics …

    Mechanisms like neuroendocrine and immunological may mediate the effects of psychological factors on physical process. Behavioral and emotional aspects should be taken into consideration when decisions are as to whether treatment should be in hospital or at home. Psychological, behavioral and social factors interact with pathological process in the development and course of physical disorders An impairment or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function; a disability is any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being; a handicap is a disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or a disability, that prevents the

    Mechanisms like neuroendocrine and immunological may mediate the effects of psychological factors on physical process. Behavioral and emotional aspects should be taken into consideration when decisions are as to whether treatment should be in hospital or at home. Psychological, behavioral and social factors interact with pathological process in the development and course of physical disorders Focusing on Individuals Physical and Intellectual Defects. The traditional view of disability often focuses on the individual, highlighting incapacities or failings, a defect, or impairment.

    The nature and impact of caring for family members with a

    the socio-psychological dynamics of physical disability pdf

    Children as carers the impact of parental illness and. 12/08/2015В В· The dynamics of abuse refers to the forces or motivations behind the act of abuse and the way in which indicators may be observed or determined at a later time. Describe how the dynamics of abuse may applied to the following groups of children (question is worded this was), Further, SES is a consistent and reliable predictor of a vast array of outcomes across the life span, including physical and psychological health. Thus, SES is relevant to all realms of behavioral and social science, including research, practice, education and advocacy..

    Disability as a dialectical concept building on Vygotsky

    Journal of Social Issues Volume 4 Issue 4 - Fall 1948. Child Abuse and Neglect Dynamics, Definitions, Prevention And Reporting, DIARY OF A METIS CHILD • In what ways did Richard ask for help? • In what ways did the foster families try to help Richard? • How would you have helped Richard? • Other observations or personal reactions you wish to discuss. NEVADA STATUTE, NRS 432 B ¾This is the broad statute that defines child abuse and neglect, youthmh.pdf The numbers increase when those referred to as at risk are included. Research suggests, however, that there are a considerable number of false positive misdiagnoses (i.e., the labeling of youngsters who do not have true disabilities/ disorders). What is clear is that schools can accomplish their goal of teaching only when they have addressed the psychosocial problems that interfere.

    2 Family Dynamics and Caregiving for People with Disabilities 13 physicians, nurses, and other professional providers, as well as to the person with the disability, the … Disability is seen as a form of social oppression that is institutionalised in Western society, whereas impairment is nothing more than a description of physical, sensory or mental difference.

    Social Determinants of Health: How Social and Economic Factors Affect Health 3 While the previous scenario is fictional, unfortunately it is all too plausible. Download Citation on ResearchGate On Apr 14, 2010, Rudolf Dreikurs and others published The Socio‐psychological Dynamics of Physical Disability }

    Family dynamics of people with physical disability Joyce L. C. Ma, Ph.D., R. S. W., Clinical Fellow And Approved Supervisor, AAMFT Professor Department of Social Work The Chinese University of Hong Kong . Objectives To explore the relationship between a person with a physical disability and the family To examine how social services and resources affect the family dynamics To reflect how The Dynamics of Disability provides expert analysis and recommendations in key areas: Understanding the current social, economic, and physical environmental factors in determining eligibility for disability benefits.

    1. Definitions of Disability. The definition of disability is highly contentious for several reasons. First, it is only in the past century that the term “disability” has been used to refer to a distinct class of people. Module 1: Family Dynamics and Health. Family dynamics significantly impact health in both positive and negative ways. Having a close-knit and supportive family provides emotional support, economic well-being, and increases overall health.

    This paper examines: (1) the impact of having a child with a disability on parents’ mental and physical health among urban-dwelling African Americans and (2) the extent to which positive and negative social interactions with family other than the spouse moderate the impact of child’s disability … Further, SES is a consistent and reliable predictor of a vast array of outcomes across the life span, including physical and psychological health. Thus, SES is relevant to all realms of behavioral and social science, including research, practice, education and advocacy.

    Module 1: Family Dynamics and Health. Family dynamics significantly impact health in both positive and negative ways. Having a close-knit and supportive family provides emotional support, economic well-being, and increases overall health. of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides a framework that can independence, full physical, mental, social and vocational ability, and full inclusion and participation in all aspects of life”. The Article further calls on countries to organize, strengthen, and extend comprehensive rehabilitation services and programmes, which should begin as early as possible, based on

    Physical disabilities vary widely, but all have the effect of putting limitations on the person with the disability. Some may not be able to tie a shoe. Others may not be able to reach down to even put on the shoe, but may learn to do so do by using special dressing aids. Still others are limited to the point of needing assistance with the most basic of human needs. Psychiatric Disabilities Psychiatric disabilities cover a wide range of conditions, including eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, and other psychiatric conditions.

    The Socio‐psychological Dynamics of Physical Disability The Socio‐psychological Dynamics of Physical Disability Dreikurs, Rudolf 1948-10-01 00:00:00 Allen and Pearson believe that the behavior difficulties of crippled children arise in response to faulty parental attitudes rather than as a reaction to physical disability as such. Physical frailty, disability, and dynamics in health perceptions: A preliminary mediation model Article (PDF Available) in Clinical Interventions in Aging 2016(11):275-278 · March 2016 with 36 Reads

    Focusing on Individuals Physical and Intellectual Defects. The traditional view of disability often focuses on the individual, highlighting incapacities or failings, a defect, or impairment. Abuse of persons with disabilities is a serious problem, but there is help and hope. Abuse of Persons with Disabilities physical abuse, psychological abuse, criminal harassment/stalking, verbal abuse, sexual abuse, financial abuse, and spiritual abuse.1. 2 What is family violence? Family violence is the abuse of power within relationships of family, trust or dependency that endangers the

    per cent of all children) live in households with one family member hampered in daily activities by chronic physical or mental health problems, illness or disability (Eurostat, 1997). Methods. The databases PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus were searched for relevant studies published between 1995 and 2016. Data was extracted on study and participants’ characteristics, independent and dependent variables, used measures and effects sizes of associations between social relationships and mental health or wellbeing.

    Physical frailty, disability, and dynamics in health perceptions: A preliminary mediation model Article (PDF Available) in Clinical Interventions in Aging 2016(11):275-278 В· March 2016 with 36 Reads Mechanisms like neuroendocrine and immunological may mediate the effects of psychological factors on physical process. Behavioral and emotional aspects should be taken into consideration when decisions are as to whether treatment should be in hospital or at home. Psychological, behavioral and social factors interact with pathological process in the development and course of physical disorders

    The UK Disability Discrimination Act – disabling language

    the socio-psychological dynamics of physical disability pdf

    Chapter 2 Family Dynamics and Caregiving for People with. Download Citation on ResearchGate On Apr 14, 2010, Rudolf Dreikurs and others published The Socio‐psychological Dynamics of Physical Disability }, Psychiatric Disabilities Psychiatric disabilities cover a wide range of conditions, including eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, and other psychiatric conditions..

    The mental health of young people with disabilities. Abuse of Children With Intellectual Disabilities (PDF - 62 KB) Davis (2009) Discusses the physical and behavioral signs of abuse in children with intellectual disabilities, strategies for preventing abuse, and the consequences of being abused., Unit 534 Understand physical disability (PD OP 3.1) UAN: J/601/6150 Level: 3 Credit value: 3 effect on an individual with a physical disability 3.2 Analyse the socio-economic effects of physical disability on an individual 3.3 Explain the changes that have occurred in society as a result of Disability legislation 3.4 Analyse the extent of improvements for the individual as a result of.

    The nature and impact of caring for family members with a

    the socio-psychological dynamics of physical disability pdf

    Toward a Politics of Disability Definitions Disciplines. The Dynamics of Disability and Social Inclusionis a joint venture of the Equality Authority and the National Disability Authority.It reflects the benefits that can flow where shared objectives are advanced through pooling resources and expertise.It builds on previous joint work which was The Dynamics of Disability: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10411. × Save. Cancel. 3 Conceptual Issues in Defining Work Disability 1. This chapter discusses the meaning of the term “disability” and the relationship between the generic concept of disability and the term “work disability.” The meaning assigned to these terms depends on the uses to be made of the concepts.

    the socio-psychological dynamics of physical disability pdf

  • 14-Disability Within the African Culture
  • Journal of Social Issues Volume 4 Issue 4 - Fall 1948

  • 12/08/2015В В· The dynamics of abuse refers to the forces or motivations behind the act of abuse and the way in which indicators may be observed or determined at a later time. Describe how the dynamics of abuse may applied to the following groups of children (question is worded this was) In the development of policy to cope with the results of disability, the diagnosis of the origins of a person's physical condition may have only limited social, psychological, economic, or political value. Except in the design of measures to prevent disabilities, effects matter much more than causes. Nonetheless, in most disability and rehabilitation programs, a medical determination usually

    Module 1: Family Dynamics and Health. Family dynamics significantly impact health in both positive and negative ways. Having a close-knit and supportive family provides emotional support, economic well-being, and increases overall health. Module 1: Family Dynamics and Health. Family dynamics significantly impact health in both positive and negative ways. Having a close-knit and supportive family provides emotional support, economic well-being, and increases overall health.

    with mental and physical pathology and disability. As modern practitioners in an academic and As modern practitioners in an academic and practical training environment we want to add to the development of LMA applications – in this Child Abuse and Neglect Dynamics, Definitions, Prevention And Reporting, DIARY OF A METIS CHILD • In what ways did Richard ask for help? • In what ways did the foster families try to help Richard? • How would you have helped Richard? • Other observations or personal reactions you wish to discuss. NEVADA STATUTE, NRS 432 B ¾This is the broad statute that defines child abuse and neglect

    Methods. The databases PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus were searched for relevant studies published between 1995 and 2016. Data was extracted on study and participants’ characteristics, independent and dependent variables, used measures and effects sizes of associations between social relationships and mental health or wellbeing. The Intersection of Gender and Disability Dynamics Elaine M. Blinde andSarah G. McCallister This study exploresthe often overlookedexperiencesofwomen with physical disabilities in the sport andphysicalfitness activity domain. Interviews with 16 women with a physical disability (age range of19-54years) revealed thefollowing majorthemes: (a) participation in fitness-related as opposedto …

    This paper examines: (1) the impact of having a child with a disability on parents’ mental and physical health among urban-dwelling African Americans and (2) the extent to which positive and negative social interactions with family other than the spouse moderate the impact of child’s disability … per cent of all children) live in households with one family member hampered in daily activities by chronic physical or mental health problems, illness or disability (Eurostat, 1997).

    Abuse of Children With Intellectual Disabilities (PDF - 62 KB) Davis (2009) Discusses the physical and behavioral signs of abuse in children with intellectual disabilities, strategies for preventing abuse, and the consequences of being abused. 2 Family Dynamics and Caregiving for People with Disabilities 13 physicians, nurses, and other professional providers, as well as to the person with the disability, the …

    Physical frailty, disability, and dynamics in health perceptions: A preliminary mediation model Article (PDF Available) in Clinical Interventions in Aging 2016(11):275-278 · March 2016 with 36 Reads Understanding the Dynamics of Decision-making and Choice: A scoping study of key psychosocial theories to inform the design and analysis of the Panel Study Abstract At the heart of SPRU’s DH-funded programme of research is a qualitative longitudinal Panel Study that aims to examine the choices that older people, disabled young people, disabled adults and their carers make about their

    Further, SES is a consistent and reliable predictor of a vast array of outcomes across the life span, including physical and psychological health. Thus, SES is relevant to all realms of behavioral and social science, including research, practice, education and advocacy. The legacy of defectology, Vygotsky’s theoretical work on children with disabilities, still offers a useful approach in disability research. Vygotsky understood disability as an incongruence between the individual’s psychological structure and the structure of cultural forms. The incongruence

    social construction of disability here, and I feel sure that I am not aware of them all, hut I will try to explain and illustrate the social construcuon of disability hI' discussing what I hope is a representative sample from a range of factors. Social Factors That Construct Disability . First, it is easy to recognize that SOCIal conditions affect people's bodies b}' creating or failing to per cent of all children) live in households with one family member hampered in daily activities by chronic physical or mental health problems, illness or disability (Eurostat, 1997).

    Psychological intervention can help a person with a new form of disability to progress through the stages of disability and assist them with resolving any difficulties they may experience along the way. The result can be an increase in the person's self-esteem and confidence. youthmh.pdf The numbers increase when those referred to as at risk are included. Research suggests, however, that there are a considerable number of false positive misdiagnoses (i.e., the labeling of youngsters who do not have true disabilities/ disorders). What is clear is that schools can accomplish their goal of teaching only when they have addressed the psychosocial problems that interfere

    Dynamics of Disability and Work in Canada* Canadian disability policy has come a long way in the past century. However, in contrast with the evidence that disability is not permanent for most, current disability support programs still carry the old static view of permanent disability. By employing a dynamic panel data model of labour force participation, the findings of this paper suggest that social construction of disability here, and I feel sure that I am not aware of them all, hut I will try to explain and illustrate the social construcuon of disability hI' discussing what I hope is a representative sample from a range of factors. Social Factors That Construct Disability . First, it is easy to recognize that SOCIal conditions affect people's bodies b}' creating or failing to

    Synopsis : Jamais deux sans toi est un feuilleton télévisé québécois en 83 épisodes1 de 25 minutes diffusé entre le 28 septembre 1977 et le 10 juin 1980 à la Télévision de Radio-Canada. Jamais deux sans toi pdf gratuit Wagram 22/04/2017 · Jamais sans toi version française Facebook : 1vs1 against a big rage who "pretends" to be the little brother of "GOTAGA"!