Marine protected areas law of the sea pdf Georgian Sands Beach

marine protected areas law of the sea pdf

Antarctic Geopolitics and the Ross Sea Marine Protected Area PITCAIRN ISLANDS MARINE PROTECTED AREA ORDINANCE 2016 An Ordinance to provide for the conservation and protection of the marine environment of the Pitcairn Islands [12 September 2016] PART I – PRELIMINARY 1. This Ordinance is the Pitcairn Islands Marine Protected Area Ordinance 2016. 2.—(1) This Ordinance shall be brought into force by Order by the Governor, except as …

Conservation and Utilization of the Living Resources in

Marine protected areas Interactions with fisheries. the Law of the Sea” in Myron Nordquist, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary, Volume I, (United States, 1985), 29 – 68. 5 See United Nations Treaty Collection available at, A New Marine Protected Areas Act 3 Contents Message from the Ministers 5 Section 1: Our ocean environment 7 1.1 Purpose of the consultation document 8 1.2 The Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary 9 Section 2: The need for a new approach to marine protection 10 2.1 How marine areas are currently protected 11 2.2 Need for reform 12 Section 3: The proposal: a new approach to marine protection ….

However, illegal fishing and conflicts with access to resources are major threats to protected areas throughout the Caribbean. In the Gardens of the Queen and other marine reserves, enforcement and compliance are important issues. fish means the marine living resources of the sea and the seashore, including any aquatic plant or animal whether piscine or not, and any mollusc, crustacean, coral, sponge, holothurian or other echinoderm, reptile and marine mammal, and includes their eggs, larvae

the Law of the Sea” in Myron Nordquist, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary, Volume I, (United States, 1985), 29 – 68. 5 See United Nations Treaty Collection available at The incongruity between the ecosystem approach to high seas marine protected areas and the existing high seas conservation regime Jung-Eun Kim (October 2013) Download PDF (357KB) View Article

MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE MALTESE ISLANDS: STATUS AND PROBLEMS Patrick J. Schembri Department of Biology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta At present there are no marine protected areas within Maltese territory. Fishing and/or diving and other marine activities are restricted in certain sea areas round the Maltese Islands; however, this is for reasons of safety, security and to … For this review, the Government has been consulting on a new policy for marine protected areas in the territorial sea. The reforms aim to achieve an appropriate balance between protecting our marine environment and maximising commercial, recreational and cultural opportunities now and into the future.

the Law of the Sea” in Myron Nordquist, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary, Volume I, (United States, 1985), 29 – 68. 5 See United Nations Treaty Collection available at the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, in particular, together and as a whole, marine genetic resources, including questions on the sharing of benefits, measures such as area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments and capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology.

part of a multi-year research project on marine protected areas and cetaceans conducted for the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. The work was recently published as … Marine protected areas Environmental impact assessments abstract For nearly a decade, governments have been discussing the need to improve efforts to conserve and sustainably use marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Support for a new international agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – an Implementing Agreement – on the

“Protecting Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: Instistutional Considerations for a New International Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1 The term ‘marine protected area’ (‘MPA’) is generally used to describe a marine region located in a coastal State’s maritime zone or on the high seas that has a special protective status because of its ecological, biological, scientific, or historical importance.

Marine Habitat Protection through the Establishment and Management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in The European Community and Marine Environmental Protection in the International Law of the Sea Author: Veronica Frank Marine conservation refers to the study of conserving physical and biological marine resources and ecosystem functions. It is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas through planned management in order to prevent the exploitation of these resources.

Part III, Chapter 2: Special issues for marine protected areas 209 Introduction 209 1 Historical perspective 210 2 Marine features requiring special attention 211 2.1 Special characteristics 212 2.2 Special threats 218 2.3 Special management challenges 219 3 MPA-specific international obligations and principles 222 3.1 International oceans law 223 3.1.1 United National Convention on the Law of The concept of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) has gained prominence in the dialogue on marine conservation and fishery management since the early 1990s. A decade after the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (the 1982 UN Convention) was adopted, and two years before it

part of a multi-year research project on marine protected areas and cetaceans conducted for the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. The work was recently published as … the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, in particular, together and as a whole, marine genetic resources, including questions on the sharing of benefits, measures such as area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments and capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology.

the Law of the Sea” in Myron Nordquist, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary, Volume I, (United States, 1985), 29 – 68. 5 See United Nations Treaty Collection available at 1 The term ‘marine protected area’ (‘MPA’) is generally used to describe a marine region located in a coastal State’s maritime zone or on the high seas that has a special protective status because of its ecological, biological, scientific, or historical importance.

Jervis Bay Marine Park on the NSW South coast covers approximately 215 km 2 and spans over 100 km of coastline and adjacent oceanic, embayment and estuarine waters. It extends from Kinghorn Point south to Sussex Inlet. It includes most of the waters of Jervis Bay, with the remainder forming part of Marine protected areas and !sheries Guid titlepage high.pdf 26-01-2011 15:58:14. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its

Marine protected areas in Europe's seas. associated with the establishment of marine protected areas in Fiji, with a particular emphasis on the role of local communities in the management of coastal marine resources., MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE MALTESE ISLANDS: STATUS AND PROBLEMS Patrick J. Schembri Department of Biology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta At present there are no marine protected areas within Maltese territory. Fishing and/or diving and other marine activities are restricted in certain sea areas round the Maltese Islands; however, this is for reasons of safety, security and to ….

Establishing marine protected areas in Sweden Internal

marine protected areas law of the sea pdf

Establishing marine protected areas in Sweden Internal. Marine Protected Areas. Our seas are home to some of the most biologically diverse habitats and species in Europe. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are one of the tools that can help us to protect the marine environment, whilst also enabling it's sustainable use, ensuring it remains healthy and contributes to our society for generations to come., General Assembly Distr.: General 22 March 2011 Original: English 11-27337 (E) 270411 *1127337* Sixty-sixth session Item 77 (a) of the preliminary list* Oceans and the law of the sea Oceans and the law of the sea Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report has been prepared pursuant to the request made by the General Assembly, in paragraph 167 of its resolution 65/37 A, that the.

Marine Protected Area British Indian Ocean Territory. System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA).The primary goal of the NRSMPA is to establish and manage a comprehensive, adequate and representative system of marine protected areas to contribute to the long-term ecological viability of marine and estuarine systems, to maintain ecological processes and systems, and to protect Australia’s biological diversity at all levels.Marine protected areas, 18 Tomas Dux, Specially Protected Marine Areas in the Exclusive Economic Zone: The Regime for the Protection of Specific Areas of the EEZ for Environmental Reasons under International Law ….

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MARINE PROTECTED AREAS

marine protected areas law of the sea pdf

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MARINE PROTECTED AREAS. ii Abstract The focus of this study is territorial sea marine protected areas governance in Tanzania mainland. The study describes and analyses the limitations and potential for existing Signed by countries bordering the Baltic Sea and by the European Community, HELCOM stipulates that all contracting parties must establish a system of coastal and marine protected areas. The Environmental Action Programme has guidelines for offshore protected areas in the Baltic Sea..

marine protected areas law of the sea pdf


System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA).The primary goal of the NRSMPA is to establish and manage a comprehensive, adequate and representative system of marine protected areas to contribute to the long-term ecological viability of marine and estuarine systems, to maintain ecological processes and systems, and to protect Australia’s biological diversity at all levels.Marine protected areas Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration - PCA

The United Nations has advanced a step closer to an international treaty to protect marine life on the high seas, with an aim of setting up a mechanism for creating marine protected areas in areas beyond national jurisdictions. 22/04/2006 · Law of the Sea. The law of the sea is a body of public international law governing the geographic jurisdictions of coastal States and the rights and duties among States in the use and conservation of the ocean environment and its natural resources.

the Law of the Sea” in Myron Nordquist, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary, Volume I, (United States, 1985), 29 – 68. 5 See United Nations Treaty Collection available at A marine protected area is an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural

22/04/2006 · Law of the Sea. The law of the sea is a body of public international law governing the geographic jurisdictions of coastal States and the rights and duties among States in the use and conservation of the ocean environment and its natural resources. Download PDF (278KB) View Article Article The incongruity between the ecosystem approach to high seas marine protected areas and the existing high seas conservation regime

Marine Protected Areas. Our seas are home to some of the most biologically diverse habitats and species in Europe. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are one of the tools that can help us to protect the marine environment, whilst also enabling it's sustainable use, ensuring it remains healthy and contributes to our society for generations to come. Scientific Collecting Permits in the South Coast Marine Protected Areas (PDF) Enforcement and Compliance within South Coast Marine Protected Areas (PDF) South Coast Marine Protected Areas Remotely Operated Vehicle Surveys (PDF)

Marine Protected Areas. Our seas are home to some of the most biologically diverse habitats and species in Europe. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are one of the tools that can help us to protect the marine environment, whilst also enabling it's sustainable use, ensuring it remains healthy and contributes to our society for generations to come. PITCAIRN ISLANDS MARINE PROTECTED AREA ORDINANCE 2016 An Ordinance to provide for the conservation and protection of the marine environment of the Pitcairn Islands [12 September 2016] PART I – PRELIMINARY 1. This Ordinance is the Pitcairn Islands Marine Protected Area Ordinance 2016. 2.—(1) This Ordinance shall be brought into force by Order by the Governor, except as …

Marine protected areas and !sheries Guid titlepage high.pdf 26-01-2011 15:58:14. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its There are six management plans – one for each of the five marine park networks (the North, North-west, South-west, South-east and Temperate East networks) and one for the Coral Sea. The Great Barrier Reef marine park is managed by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and the Heard Island and McDonald Islands marine park is managed by the Australian Antarctic Division .

the Turtle Islands Heritage Protected Area (TIHPA MoU) Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Malaysia and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines on the Adoption of the Conservation Plan for the Sulu Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion (SSME MoU) MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE MALTESE ISLANDS: STATUS AND PROBLEMS Patrick J. Schembri Department of Biology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta At present there are no marine protected areas within Maltese territory. Fishing and/or diving and other marine activities are restricted in certain sea areas round the Maltese Islands; however, this is for reasons of safety, security and to …

1 The term ‘marine protected area’ (‘MPA’) is generally used to describe a marine region located in a coastal State’s maritime zone or on the high seas that has a special protective status because of its ecological, biological, scientific, or historical importance. the Turtle Islands Heritage Protected Area (TIHPA MoU) Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Malaysia and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines on the Adoption of the Conservation Plan for the Sulu Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion (SSME MoU)

A marine protected area is an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural The EU and marine protected areas 6 Marine protected areas in Europe's seas the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, the Mediterranean and Contiguous Atlantic Area

marine protected areas law of the sea pdf

However, illegal fishing and conflicts with access to resources are major threats to protected areas throughout the Caribbean. In the Gardens of the Queen and other marine reserves, enforcement and compliance are important issues. In December 2017, the world’s largest marine protected area (MPA) in the Ross Sea, Antarctica entered into force. The MPA will be in force for at least 35 years.

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Sustaining marine life beyond boundaries Options for an

marine protected areas law of the sea pdf

Treaties Conventions and Agreements Marine Protected Areas. INTERNATIONAL HISTORY OF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS. The concept of protecting marine areas from fishing and other human activities is not new. In the nonmarket economies of island nations in Oceania (Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia), measures to regulate and manage fisheries have been in use for centuries., 1 The term ‘marine protected area’ (‘MPA’) is generally used to describe a marine region located in a coastal State’s maritime zone or on the high seas that has a special protective status because of its ecological, biological, scientific, or historical importance..

MARINE PROTECTED AREAS (MPAs) AND Cetacean Habitat

Home [www.imo.org]. MPA Marine Protected Area NGO Non-governmental organisation SIDS Small Island Developing States OECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States SMMA St. Lucia Marine Management Area TEV Total Economic Value TNC The Nature Conservancy UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNGA United Nations General Assembly WCPA …, The EU and marine protected areas 6 Marine protected areas in Europe's seas the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, the Mediterranean and Contiguous Atlantic Area.

General Assembly Distr.: General 22 March 2011 Original: English 11-27337 (E) 270411 *1127337* Sixty-sixth session Item 77 (a) of the preliminary list* Oceans and the law of the sea Oceans and the law of the sea Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report has been prepared pursuant to the request made by the General Assembly, in paragraph 167 of its resolution 65/37 A, that the Abstract. In the past decade, marine protected areas (MPAs) have become an increasingly used tool for science-based conservation and adaptive management of marine …

Marine Protected Areas. Our seas are home to some of the most biologically diverse habitats and species in Europe. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are one of the tools that can help us to protect the marine environment, whilst also enabling it's sustainable use, ensuring it remains healthy and contributes to our society for generations to come. Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration - PCA

the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, in particular, together and as a whole, marine genetic resources, including questions on the sharing of benefits, measures such as area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments and capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology. PITCAIRN ISLANDS MARINE PROTECTED AREA ORDINANCE 2016 An Ordinance to provide for the conservation and protection of the marine environment of the Pitcairn Islands [12 September 2016] PART I – PRELIMINARY 1. This Ordinance is the Pitcairn Islands Marine Protected Area Ordinance 2016. 2.—(1) This Ordinance shall be brought into force by Order by the Governor, except as …

Scientific Collecting Permits in the South Coast Marine Protected Areas (PDF) Enforcement and Compliance within South Coast Marine Protected Areas (PDF) South Coast Marine Protected Areas Remotely Operated Vehicle Surveys (PDF) part of a multi-year research project on marine protected areas and cetaceans conducted for the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. The work was recently published as …

A marine protected area is an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural The California MPA Network: Safeguarding an Underwater Wilderness (YouTube) California's marine protected areas (MPAs) are home to a breathtaking diversity of …

22/04/2006 · Law of the Sea. The law of the sea is a body of public international law governing the geographic jurisdictions of coastal States and the rights and duties among States in the use and conservation of the ocean environment and its natural resources. A New Marine Protected Areas Act 3 Contents Message from the Ministers 5 Section 1: Our ocean environment 7 1.1 Purpose of the consultation document 8 1.2 The Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary 9 Section 2: The need for a new approach to marine protection 10 2.1 How marine areas are currently protected 11 2.2 Need for reform 12 Section 3: The proposal: a new approach to marine protection …

18 Tomas Dux, Specially Protected Marine Areas in the Exclusive Economic Zone: The Regime for the Protection of Specific Areas of the EEZ for Environmental Reasons under International Law … System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA).The primary goal of the NRSMPA is to establish and manage a comprehensive, adequate and representative system of marine protected areas to contribute to the long-term ecological viability of marine and estuarine systems, to maintain ecological processes and systems, and to protect Australia’s biological diversity at all levels.Marine protected areas

In December 2017, the world’s largest marine protected area (MPA) in the Ross Sea, Antarctica entered into force. The MPA will be in force for at least 35 years. 1 The term ‘marine protected area’ (‘MPA’) is generally used to describe a marine region located in a coastal State’s maritime zone or on the high seas that has a special protective status because of its ecological, biological, scientific, or historical importance.

fish means the marine living resources of the sea and the seashore, including any aquatic plant or animal whether piscine or not, and any mollusc, crustacean, coral, sponge, holothurian or other echinoderm, reptile and marine mammal, and includes their eggs, larvae The concept of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) has gained prominence in the dialogue on marine conservation and fishery management since the early 1990s. A decade after the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (the 1982 UN Convention) was adopted, and two years before it

Download PDF (278KB) View Article Article The incongruity between the ecosystem approach to high seas marine protected areas and the existing high seas conservation regime the Law of the Sea” in Myron Nordquist, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary, Volume I, (United States, 1985), 29 – 68. 5 See United Nations Treaty Collection available at

FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture About MPAs. Part III, Chapter 2: Special issues for marine protected areas 209 Introduction 209 1 Historical perspective 210 2 Marine features requiring special attention 211 2.1 Special characteristics 212 2.2 Special threats 218 2.3 Special management challenges 219 3 MPA-specific international obligations and principles 222 3.1 International oceans law 223 3.1.1 United National Convention on the Law of, There are six management plans – one for each of the five marine park networks (the North, North-west, South-west, South-east and Temperate East networks) and one for the Coral Sea. The Great Barrier Reef marine park is managed by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and the Heard Island and McDonald Islands marine park is managed by the Australian Antarctic Division ..

Conservation and Utilization of the Living Resources in

marine protected areas law of the sea pdf

FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture About MPAs. The Netherlands and the Designation of Marine Protected Areas in the North Sea: Implementing International and European Law Article (PDF Available) in Utrecht Law Review 5(1) · …, The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is an international treaty which was adopted and signed in 1982. It replaced the four Geneva Conventions of April, 1958, which respectively concerned the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the continental shelf, the high seas, fishing and conservation of living resources on the.

marine protected areas law of the sea pdf

Historical Background and Evaluation of Marine Protected

marine protected areas law of the sea pdf

Macquarie Island Marine Park Department of the Environment. This article examines the relationship between Marine Protected Areas and International Law, focusing on the specific perspective of navigation. There would seem to be an irresolvable conflict between the need to restrict navigation in vulnerable sea areas and the basic principles of the Law of the Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration - PCA.

marine protected areas law of the sea pdf

  • A Marine Protected Area for East Antarctica — Australian
  • A Marine Protected Area for East Antarctica — Australian
  • Law of the Sea an overview ScienceDirect Topics

  • The incongruity between the ecosystem approach to high seas marine protected areas and the existing high seas conservation regime Jung-Eun Kim (October 2013) Download PDF (357KB) View Article The Fourth International Congress on Marine Protected Areas (IMPAC4) was organized by the Government of Chile and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and took place from 5 to 8 September 2017 in La Serena – Coquimbo, Chile.

    INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE LAW OF THE SEA STATEMENT BY Rüdiger Wolfrum PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE LAW OF THE SEA Freedom of Navigation: New Challenges Marine protected areas: Interactions with fishery livelihoods and food security 603 FAO ISSN 2070-7010 Marine protected areas: Interactions with fishery livelihoods a nd food security 603 This document explores experiences with aquatic protected areas building on work presented at the IUCN World Parks Congress (WPC) held in Sydney, Australia, on 12–19 November 2014, in the context of

    The concept of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) has gained prominence in the dialogue on marine conservation and fishery management since the early 1990s. A decade after the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (the 1982 UN Convention) was adopted, and two years before it ii Abstract The focus of this study is territorial sea marine protected areas governance in Tanzania mainland. The study describes and analyses the limitations and potential for existing

    marine areas and as part of their sustainable development. Creation and effective management of MPAs have lagged behind those of protected areas on land, but are just as important. Marine Protected Areas. Our seas are home to some of the most biologically diverse habitats and species in Europe. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are one of the tools that can help us to protect the marine environment, whilst also enabling it's sustainable use, ensuring it remains healthy and contributes to our society for generations to come.

    The Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area is a marine protected area around the Cape Peninsula, in the vicinity of Cape Town, South Africa It was proclaimed in Government Gazette No. 26431 of 4 June 2004 in terms of the Marine Natural Resources Act, 18 of 1998. The Fourth International Congress on Marine Protected Areas (IMPAC4) was organized by the Government of Chile and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and took place from 5 to 8 September 2017 in La Serena – Coquimbo, Chile.

    1 The term ‘marine protected area’ (‘MPA’) is generally used to describe a marine region located in a coastal State’s maritime zone or on the high seas that has a special protective status because of its ecological, biological, scientific, or historical importance. Abstract. In the past decade, marine protected areas (MPAs) have become an increasingly used tool for science-based conservation and adaptive management of marine …

    the Law of the Sea” in Myron Nordquist, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary, Volume I, (United States, 1985), 29 – 68. 5 See United Nations Treaty Collection available at For this review, the Government has been consulting on a new policy for marine protected areas in the territorial sea. The reforms aim to achieve an appropriate balance between protecting our marine environment and maximising commercial, recreational and cultural opportunities now and into the future.

    the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, in particular, together and as a whole, marine genetic resources, including questions on the sharing of benefits, measures such as area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments and capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology. Part III, Chapter 2: Special issues for marine protected areas 209 Introduction 209 1 Historical perspective 210 2 Marine features requiring special attention 211 2.1 Special characteristics 212 2.2 Special threats 218 2.3 Special management challenges 219 3 MPA-specific international obligations and principles 222 3.1 International oceans law 223 3.1.1 United National Convention on the Law of

    The Netherlands and the Designation of Marine Protected Areas in the North Sea: Implementing International and European Law Article (PDF Available) in Utrecht Law Review 5(1) · … A marine protected area (MPA) is an area of sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biodiversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means. MPAs include marine parks, nature reserves and locally managed marine areas that protect reefs, seagrass beds, shipwrecks, archaeological sites, tidal lagoons, …

    In March 2015, following litigation brought by the Republic of Mauritius, the Marine Protected Area was the subject of an award by an Arbitral Tribunal constituted under Annex VII to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Its Final Observation was: A marine protected area is an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural

    In December 2017, the world’s largest marine protected area (MPA) in the Ross Sea, Antarctica entered into force. The MPA will be in force for at least 35 years. Download PDF (278KB) View Article Article The incongruity between the ecosystem approach to high seas marine protected areas and the existing high seas conservation regime